Under Article 2180, employers answer directly and solidarily for an employee’s negligence within assigned tasks, unless they prove diligence in selection and supervision. Elements, evidence, the four-year deadline and how to claim.
A triage guide for individuals: identify your everyday civil dispute, then follow the legal order — proof, written demand, barangay conciliation, small claims or a civil case — before the prescriptive period runs out.
The most common neighbor disputes in the Philippines — encroachment, nuisance, trees, drainage, windows, walls, construction damage and animals — each have a Civil Code rule. Here is which one applies and where to go first.
A fall in a store, mall, condominium, or other premises does not automatically create liability. Learn what negligence, control, causation, warnings, and evidence matter in a Philippine damages claim.
Learn what losses may be claimed after a road accident in the Philippines, including medical expenses, property damage, lost income, moral damages, and the evidence needed to prove them.
Learn the elements of negligence under Philippine civil law, who bears the burden of proof, what evidence matters, how proximate cause is shown, and what can defeat the claim.